Agam 35 Bruhatkalpa Sutra Satik Gujarati Anuvad

Here is a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Agam 35 Bruhatkalpa Sutra Satik Gujarati Anuvad," based on the translated content:

Title: Agam 35 Bruhatkalpa Sutra Satik Gujarati Anuvad (Agam 35: Great Kalpa Sutra with Commentary and Gujarati Translation)

Author(s): Dipratnasagar, Deepratnasagar

Publisher: Deepratnasagar

Overview:

This document is the Gujarati translation with commentary of the Bruhatkalpa Sutra, which is identified as the second of the Cheda Sutras in Jain Agamic literature. The work is part of a larger series of translated Agamas by Muni Deeratnsagar. The translation is dedicated to and sponsored by various revered Jain acharyas and organizations, highlighting a strong lineage of spiritual guidance and support for this extensive project.

Content Summary by Sections (Udeshas/Chapters):

The Bruhatkalpa Sutra is presented in six sections (Udeshas). Each section details specific rules, regulations, and guidelines for Jain monks (sadhus) and nuns (sadhvis) regarding their conduct, lifestyle, and interactions within the monastic community and with the wider world.

Udesha 1 (Pages 6-11):

• Focus: Primarily on the acceptance of food and fruits, and the rules for residing in villages and cities.
• Key Points:
  • Detailed rules on how monks and nuns should accept fruits like bananas and mangoes, distinguishing between ripe and unripe, and whether they are cut by a cutting instrument.
  • Specific regulations for residing in various types of settlements (villages, cities, capitals) during different seasons (Hemant and Grishma - winter and summer), with varying durations allowed based on whether the settlement is walled or has outer populations.
  • Rules regarding the types of settlements monks and nuns can reside in, such as those with single or multiple entry/exit points and those that are open or enclosed.
  • Prohibitions for nuns on residing in specific locations like marketplaces, intersections, and crowded areas.
  • Guidelines on the use of different types of dwelling places (upasrayas), including those with open doors, and the necessary precautions.
  • Rules concerning the use of specific utensils (ghatimātraka) and cloths (chela, chilimilika).
  • Prohibitions on residing in places with pictures or paintings, and regulations regarding reliance on lay householders (sagārik).
  • Specific rules for residing in houses occupied only by women or men.
  • Guidelines on resolving conflicts and the importance of maintaining equanimity.
  • Prohibitions on moving during the rainy season (Varshavas) and permission to move during winter and summer.
  • Regulations for movement in unstable or hostile states.
  • Rules for accepting items like clothing or bedding from householders, requiring permission from the acharya.
  • Guidelines on accepting food in houses, including specific conditions for items left behind.
  • Rules for accepting food at night or during the day.
  • Regulations on the permissible types of clothing and bedding.

Udesha 2 (Pages 12-14):

• Focus: Rules related to dwelling places (upasrayas), food handling, and general conduct.
• Key Points:
  • Strict rules about staying in an upasraya containing grains (Shali, Vihī, Mug, etc.) that are scattered or improperly stored. Exceptions are made if the grains are properly stored in heaps, containers, or covered.
  • Prohibitions on staying in an upasraya containing Surā (liquor) or Sauvirī (another type of fermented drink). Limited stays are permitted in emergencies.
  • Rules about staying in an upasraya with water containers (heated or cooled) – similar restrictions and exceptions apply.
  • Prohibitions on staying in an upasraya where a fire is burning all night or a lamp is lit all night.
  • Rules regarding the acceptance of food items like jaggery, milk, ghee, oil, etc., and whether they are scattered or properly stored.
  • Restrictions on nuns residing in open spaces, under trees, or in simple shelters, while allowing monks to do so.
  • Rules about residing in houses with varying numbers of owners.
  • Detailed guidelines on accepting food from lay householders, distinguishing between food that is kept at home, taken out of the house, or mixed with others' food.
  • Rules on accepting food that has been prepared for honored guests or for specific rituals.

Udesha 3 (Pages 15-17):

• Focus: Conduct within dwelling places, use of materials, and rules for newly initiated monks/nuns.
• Key Points:
  • Prohibitions on monks and nuns performing certain activities within an upasraya, such as standing, sitting, sleeping, eating, drinking, passing excretions, studying, meditating, or performing Kayotsarga (a form of meditation).
  • Restrictions on nuns using rooms occupied by monks, and vice versa.
  • Rules on the use of animal hides (chamra) – allowing processed hides but prohibiting raw or new ones, or those intended for temporary use.
  • Rules on the use of cloth – allowing cut pieces but prohibiting whole, uncut garments.
  • Prohibitions on monks using certain items like "avagrahanāntaka" and "avagrahapaṭṭaka," while nuns are permitted to use them.
  • Guidelines for nuns on obtaining clothes, requiring the presence of a senior nun (pravartini) or a senior monk.
  • Rules for new monks and nuns regarding the essential items they should carry during initiation.
  • Regulations on receiving clothing in the second year after initiation.
  • Rules on accepting food and bedding from householders, with specific restrictions on certain activities like conversing extensively or engaging in prolonged spiritual discourse.
  • Guidelines on handling and returning bedding (shayya-sanskarak) and the process for obtaining new ones.
  • Rules for dealing with lost bedding.
  • Rules for monks and nuns regarding their interactions with householders, including permitted levels of conversation and teaching.
  • Regulations on moving from one place to another, and the procedures for leaving one's bedding behind.
  • Rules for acquiring and using dwelling places.
  • Restrictions on monks and nuns traveling across major rivers during certain periods.
  • Detailed rules on the acceptable height and construction of shelters (upasrayas) based on the season.

Udesha 4 (Pages 18-21):

• Focus: Different categories of offenses, expiations, and specific disciplinary actions.
• Key Points:
  • Categorization of offenses into different types of expiations (Anudghātik, Parachit, Anavasthāpya).
  • Specific actions that warrant these expiations, such as stealing, causing harm, or engaging in sexual misconduct.
  • Rules regarding individuals who are unsuitable for certain disciplinary actions, such as those who are impotent or have been expelled from the order.
  • Guidelines on who can be taught scriptures and who cannot, based on their conduct and mental state (e.g., disciplined, undisciplined, angry).
  • Rules on the suitability of individuals for understanding scripture.
  • Specific scenarios involving monks and nuns who are ill or injured, and the interaction with their relatives.
  • Rules regarding the handling of food that becomes impure or unfit for consumption, including disposal methods.
  • Regulations on carrying food beyond a certain distance.
  • Guidelines for monks on dealing with impure food received during alms rounds.
  • Distinction between "kalpasthita" (eligible) and "akalpasthita" (ineligible) individuals in relation to food.
  • Rules on changing one's religious sect (gan) and the need for permission from senior monks.
  • Procedures for monks and nuns who wish to change their sect or engage in communal activities with other sects.
  • Guidelines on providing scripture lessons to other monks and the protocols for doing so.
  • Rules for dealing with the death of a monk at night, including the disposal of the body and the use of cremation wood.
  • Rules for monks who have committed offenses and have not resolved them, including restrictions on their movement, participation in communal life, and the requirement for atonement and penance.
  • Guidelines for monks undertaking specific penances (parihāra tapa).
  • Rules regarding the care of sick, hungry, thirsty, ascetic, or weak monks.

Udesha 5 (Pages 22-24):

• Focus: Further clarification of offenses, expiations, and conduct, with specific attention to nuns.
• Key Points:
  • Scenarios involving divine intervention and its impact on monks and nuns' conduct, specifically regarding sexual misconduct.
  • Rules for monks who are involved in conflicts and wish to join other sects.
  • Regulations for monks and nuns regarding the timing of their alms rounds in relation to sunrise and sunset, and the proper disposal of food if circumstances change.
  • Rules on dealing with situations where food or water becomes impure during alms rounds.
  • Detailed guidelines for nuns regarding their conduct, including prohibitions on being alone, leaving the upasraya unsupervised, moving between villages, and observing the rainy season alone.
  • Specific restrictions on nuns regarding clothing, covering their bodies, and practicing austerities in public.
  • Prohibitions on nuns sitting or sleeping in certain positions or using specific types of seating or bedding.
  • Rules on the use of specific items like water gourds and scrubbing brushes for nuns.
  • Prohibitions on monks and nuns drinking each other's urine or using it for massage, except in extreme cases of illness.
  • Restrictions on the use of medicated oils or butter on the body.

Udesha 6 (Pages 25-26):

• Focus: Final set of rules concerning prohibited speech, offenses, and the fundamental principles of Jain conduct.
• Key Points:
  • Prohibition of six types of speech considered harmful: false, deceitful, slanderous, masculine (for nuns), argumentative, and malicious.
  • Explanation of six major offenses (pranatipata, mṛudāvāda, adattādāna, brahmacharyabhaṅga, napuṁsaka hōvuṁ, dāsa hōvuṁ) that can lead to severe expiation.
  • Specific scenarios where monks or nuns can assist each other without violating Jain principles, such as removing foreign objects from the eyes or feet, or helping someone who is falling.
  • Identification of six "fatal" aspects of a monk's conduct that lead to the destruction of their vows: lack of vigilance, excessive talkativeness, wandering eyes, dissatisfaction with alms, excessive desire for possessions, and attachment to the fruits of penance.
  • Explanation of six types of "kalpasthiti" (limitations or conditions of practice) related to various aspects of Jain conduct and the path to liberation.

Overall Significance:

The Bruhatkalpa Sutra, as presented in this translation, serves as a crucial guide for Jain monks and nuns, laying down the ethical and behavioral framework necessary for their spiritual journey. It emphasizes discipline, purity, detachment, and adherence to the teachings of the Tirthankaras, ensuring the preservation and practice of Jain principles. The commentary and translation provide accessibility and understanding of these ancient and vital rules for a Gujarati-speaking audience.