Agam 32 Chulika 02 Anuyogdwar Sutra Anuogdaraim Terapanth - Book Summary

The text you provided is the Anuyogdwar Sutra, a significant Jain scripture, specifically Volume 32, Chulika 02. It was compiled and explained under the guidance of Acharya Tulsi and Acharya Mahapragna.

Here is a comprehensive summary of the content presented in the provided text:

Overall Content and Purpose:

The text is a detailed exposition of the Anuyogdwar Sutra, a foundational text in Jainism that deals with the methodology of interpreting Jain Agamas (scriptures). It is presented with the original Prakrit text, a Sanskrit rendering, a Hindi translation, comparative notes, and various appendices. The book aims to make the profound teachings of the Anuyogdwar Sutra accessible to scholars and practitioners alike.

Key Figures and Contributors:

Vachana-Pramukha (Chief of Recitation/Interpretation): Ganadhipati Tulsi
Editor and Annotator: Acharya Mahapragna
Publishers: Jain Vishva-Bharati Institute, Ladnun
Contributing Sadhvis: Shrutayasha, Muditayasha, Vishrutavibha
Valuable Contribution: Munishri Hiralalji

Structure and Content Breakdown (based on chapter summaries and text):

The text is structured into several chapters, each focusing on specific concepts within the Anuyogdwar Sutra.

Chapter 1: Knowledge (Jnan Pad) and Essential Concept (Aavashyak)
- Defines the five types of Jain knowledge (Abhinibodhika, Shrut, Avadhi, Manahparyav, Keval).
- Explains that four types of knowledge (other than Shrut knowledge) are 'sthapya' (capable of being established but not directly used for interpretation) because they are not as directly communicable or applicable to interpretive methodologies as Shrut knowledge.
- Introduces the concept of 'Aavashyak' (essential, obligatory), detailing its various meanings and classifications through the 'Nikshetra' (Nixkepa) method. The Nixkepa method involves analyzing a concept through its Name, Establishment, Substance, and State (Bhava).
- Discusses the 'Aavashyak' in terms of its four types: Nam (name), Sthapana (establishment by form/symbol), Dravya (substance, referring to past or future states), and Bhava (state, referring to the present state).
- Elaborates on the 'Aavashyak-Nikshetra pad' (Aavashyak in terms of Nixkepa), explaining each of the four Nixkepa categories with examples.
- Mentions the concept of 'Aavashyak' as an essential duty for monks and nuns, and also for lay followers.
- Lists the seven synonyms for 'Aavashyak': Aavashyak, Avashyakarniya, Dhruvanigraha, Vishodhi, Shad-adhyayan Samooha, Nyaya, Aradhana, Marg.
Chapter 2: Shrut (Shruat) and Skandha (Skandha)
- Focuses on the concept of 'Shrut' (scriptural knowledge).
- Explains Shrut through the Nixkepa method: Nama, Sthapana, Dravya, and Bhava.
- Details the classification of Shrut into Anga-pravista (part of the Angas) and Anga-bahya (outside the Angas).
- Discusses Kālika (temporal) and Utkālika (non-temporal) as further divisions of Anga-bahya.
- Introduces the concept of 'Skandha' (collection, part of scripture) and its various classifications through Nixkepa.
- Lists various synonyms for Skandha: Gana, Kaya, Nikaya, Varga, Rashi, Punj, Pinda, Nikara, Sanghaata, Aakul, Samooha.
Chapter 3: Aavashyak's Authorities, Studies, and Samayik
- Details the 'Arthadhikara' (subject matter) of Aavashyak, enumerating six key aspects: Savadya Yoga Virati (abstinence from sinful actions), Utkirtana (praise/glorification), Gunavan ki Pratipatti (honoring the virtuous), Skhalit ki Ninda (condemnation of errors), Vran Chikitsa (healing of spiritual wounds), and Gun Dharana (cultivation of virtues).
- Focuses on 'Samayik', the first essential practice, defining it as equanimity and explaining its importance in controlling passion.
- Introduces the four 'Anuyogdwar' (methods of interpretation) applied to Samayik: Upakram (introduction), Nixkepa (analysis), Anugama (systematic treatment), and Naya (philosophical viewpoint).
- Specifically elaborates on Upakram, defining its six aspects: Nama-upakram, Sthapana-upakram, Dravya-upakram, Kshetra-upakram, Kala-upakram, and Bhava-upakram.
Chapter 4: Upakram and Anupurvi
- Continues the discussion on Upakram, detailing the various classifications within each of its six aspects.
- Introduces 'Anupurvi' (sequence or order) and its ten types: Nama, Sthapana, Dravya, Kshetra, Kala, Utkirtana, Ganana, Samsthana, Samachari, and Bhava Anupurvi.
- Explains Nama, Sthapana, and Dravya Anupurvi in detail, including their internal classifications (e.g., Aagmat and No-Aagmat for Dravya Anupurvi).
- Highlights the importance of Naya (viewpoint) in understanding these concepts, particularly in relation to Dravya Anupurvi.
- Explains the types of Dravya Anupurvi according to different Nayas (Naigama, Vyavahara, Sangraha).
Chapter 5: Kshetra Anupurvi
- Focuses on 'Kshetra Anupurvi' (spatial sequence).
- Discusses the concept of Kshetra (space) and its relation to Anupurvi.
- Details the divisions within Kshetra Anupurvi: Anupurvi, Ananupurvi, and Avaktavya, according to different Nayas.
- Explains the spatial extent of these categories in relation to the Jain cosmological model (Adho Loka, Tiryag Loka, Urdhva Loka).
- Provides detailed explanations of various classifications of spatial descriptions and their relationships.
Chapter 6: Kala Anupurvi
- Focuses on 'Kala Anupurvi' (temporal sequence).
- Explains the concept of time and its divisions: Samay (moment), Avalika (a collection of moments), Muhurta (a unit of time), etc., up to the vast cosmological time cycles like Palyopama and Sagaropama.
- Discusses Kala Anupurvi in relation to its types: Anupurvi, Ananupurvi, and Avaktavya, analyzing them from the perspective of different Nayas (Naigama, Vyavahara, Sangraha).
- Details the temporal aspects of different entities like beings in various realms and the duration of their existence (Ayush).
Chapter 7: Nama and Various Categories
- Begins with the classification of 'Nama' (name) into various types: Ek-nama (one name), Dvi-nama (two names), Tri-nama (three names), Chatur-nama (four names), Panch-nama (five names), Shad-nama (six names).
- Explains each of these categories with examples, often drawing from grammar, literature, and mythology.
- Discusses the concept of 'Bhava' (state/disposition) and its classification into Aay (income/possession) and Kshepana (expenditure/loss).
- Further elaborates on Aaya through its classification into Aagmat Aaya (knowledge-based) and No-Aagmat Aaya (action-based/external).
- Discusses the importance of virtues like Jnana (knowledge), Darshana (perception), and Charitra (conduct) in relation to Aaya.
Chapter 8: Various Classifications of Names and Rites
- Details the classification of 'Nama' into various types, including:
  - Sapt-nama (Seven Tones): Explains the seven musical notes (Shadja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Madhyama, Panchama, Dhaivata, Nishada) and their association with sounds of living beings (like peacock, cuckoo) and non-living things (like Mridangam, Sankh). It also touches upon the qualities associated with each musical tone.
  - Asta-nama (Eight Grammatical Cases): Explains the eight grammatical cases in Sanskrit (Nominative, Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative, Vocative) and how they are used to express different relationships in sentences.
  - Nava-nama (Nine Rasas): Discusses the nine emotional sentiments in classical Indian aesthetics (Rasa) - Shringara (love), Hasya (humor), Karuna (pathos), Raudra (anger), Veera (heroism), Bhayanaka (fear), Bibhatsa (disgust), Adbhuta (wonder), and Shanta (peace). It also explains their characteristics and examples.
  - Dasha-nama (Ten Categories of Names): Discusses various ways names are derived and categorized based on etymology, origin, common usage, etc.
- Explains other categories like Krama (order), Utkirtana (praise), Ganana (counting), Samsthana (form), Samachari (conduct/discipline), and Bhava (state).
Chapter 9: Pramana (Means of Knowledge)
- Focuses on 'Pramana' (means of valid knowledge) in Jain philosophy.
- Explains the four types of Pramana:
  - Dravya Pramana (Substantial Means): Discusses measurements related to substance, including units like Asiti, Prasuti, Shaik, Kudav, Prasthak, Aadhak, Drona, Kumbha, and Vah.
  - Kshetra Pramana (Spatial Means): Deals with spatial measurements and concepts like Angula, Vitasti, Ratni, Kukshi, Danda, Dhanush, Gavuta, Yojan, and how they relate to the structure of the Jain universe (Loka).
- Provides detailed explanations of concepts like Anupurvi in relation to substance and space, and discusses the philosophical implications of different Nayas (viewpoints) in understanding these.
Chapter 10: Kala Pramana (Temporal Means)
- Explains 'Kala Pramana' (temporal measurements).
- Details the smallest unit of time (Samay) and its progression through various units like Aavlikā, Muhurta, Divasa, Ratri, Paksha, Masa, Rita, Ayana, Samvatsara, Yuga, Palyopama, and Sagaropama.
- Discusses how these temporal units are used to measure the lifespan of beings in different realms (Narakas, Devas).
- Explains the concept of Pudgalapravartana (transmigration of matter) in terms of Kala, Kshetra, Dravya, and Bhava.
Chapter 11: Bhava Pramana (State/Dispositional Means)
- Focuses on 'Bhava Pramana' (means of understanding states or dispositions).
- Explains the four types of Pramana: Nama (name), Sthapana (establishment), Dravya (substance), and Bhava (state).
- Details the five types of Nama (Namika, Nepathika, Akhyatika, Aupasargika, Mishra).
- Discusses the types of names based on gender (Prakrit grammar).
- Explains the concept of 'Bhava' and its types: Audayika (resulting from karmic fruition), Aupashamika (resulting from suppression of karma), Kshāyika (resulting from annihilation of karma), Kshāyopashamika (resulting from partial annihilation and partial suppression), Parinamaika (resulting from natural transformation), and Sannipātika (resulting from a combination of causes).
- Explains the nuances of these Bhavas with examples.
Chapter 12: Vaktavyata (Expressibility)
- Focuses on 'Vaktavyata' (expressibility or the ability to be expressed).
- Explains the three types of Vaktavyata: Sva-samaya (own doctrine), Para-samaya (other doctrines), and Sva-samaya-Para-samaya (own and other doctrines).
- Discusses how different Nayas (viewpoints) like Naigama, Vyavahara, and Riju-sutra interpret these concepts, highlighting the importance of context and perspective in understanding them.
- Explains the concept of 'Samavataar' (co-existence or integration) and its relevance in classifying entities within different philosophical schools.
- Delves into 'Anugama' (systematic treatment), outlining its nine aspects: Satpad-prarupana (discussion of existence), Dravya-pramana (substance measurement), Kshetra (space), Sparshana (touch), Kala (time), Antara (interval), Bhaga (part), Bhava (state), and Alpabahutva (comparison of quantities).
Chapter 13: Nikshepa (Analysis)
- Focuses on 'Nikshepa' (analysis) as a crucial tool for interpreting Jain scriptures.
- Explains the three types of Nikshepa: Ogha-nishpanna (generated by the general flow of scriptures), Nama-nishpanna (generated by name), and Sutra-alapaka-nishpanna (generated by discussion within sutras).
- Provides detailed explanations of each Nixkepa, particularly focusing on the concept of 'Aavashyak' and its subdivisions through the Nixkepa framework.
- Analyzes various philosophical viewpoints (Nayyas) in relation to these concepts.

Key Philosophical and Methodological Concepts:

Naya (Viewpoints): The text extensively uses the concept of Naya, particularly Naigama, Vyavahara, and Sangraha, to analyze concepts from different philosophical perspectives. This highlights the multifaceted nature of Jain philosophy.
Nikshetra (Analysis): The Nixkepa method (Nama, Sthapana, Dravya, Bhava) is a central methodological tool used to analyze various concepts like Aavashyak, Shrut, Skandha, and their subdivisions.
Pramana (Means of Knowledge): The text elaborates on different types of Pramana, including Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference), Upamana (analogy), and Agama (scriptural testimony), often delving into their classifications and applications.
Anupurvi (Sequence): The concept of Anupurvi is discussed in relation to Nama, Dravya, Kshetra, Kala, and Bhava, illustrating the importance of order and sequence in Jain thought.
Time and Space Measurement: The text provides intricate details of Jain cosmological measurements for time (e.g., Palyopama, Sagaropama) and space (e.g., Razu, Yojan), reflecting the sophisticated mathematical and cosmological understanding in Jainism.
Bhavas (States/Dispositions): The text categorizes and explains various states of the soul, such as Audayika, Aupashamika, Kshāyika, Kshāyopashamika, Parinamaika, and Sannipātika, and their role in spiritual progress.

Overall Significance:

This edited and explained version of the Anuyogdwar Sutra serves as a valuable resource for understanding Jain scripture. The efforts of Acharya Tulsi and Acharya Mahapragna, along with their team, have made a complex text more accessible, providing readers with original texts, translations, and scholarly annotations. The book reflects a deep commitment to preserving and propagating the Jain tradition of scriptural study and interpretation.