Agam 25 Chhed 02 Bruhatkalpa Sutra Kappo Terapanth - Book Summary

This is a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, focusing on the "Bruhatkalpa Sutra Kappo Terapanth," specifically covering the listed sections and their content.

Book Title: Agam 25 Chhed 02 Bruhatkalpa Sutra Kappo Terapanth Author(s): Tulsi Acharya, Mahapragna Acharya Publisher: Jain Vishva Bharati

This document, originating from Jain Vishva Bharati and intended for private and personal use, is a portion of the Bruhatkalpa Sutra, a foundational text in Jainism, particularly relevant to the conduct and rules followed by monks and nuns. The provided pages outline the structure of the sutra through a listing of its various sections ("Uddesos" and "Pads"). The core of the document delves into specific rules and prohibitions for Jain ascetics.

Here's a breakdown of the content based on the provided text, organized by the listed sections:

Page 1 & 2: Table of Contents/Chapter Outline

This section provides a detailed listing of the various "Pads" (topics or subjects) covered within each "Uddeso" (chapter or section) of the Bruhatkalpa Sutra. This acts as a table of contents for the following detailed rules. The listed "Pads" cover a wide range of practical and ethical considerations for ascetics, including:

First Uddeso: Rules concerning the use of certain objects (e.g., palm fruit), duration of stay in different locations, restrictions on staying together, prohibited locations for residence, specific item usage (like bells), prohibited activities in certain areas (like riverbanks), decorated spaces, seeking refuge from laypeople, and the use of bedding and dwelling places.
Second Uddeso: Rules concerning dwelling places (e.g., concerning seeds, damaged places, water, lamps), residence in certain places, attire, and whisks.
Third Uddeso: Rules concerning dwelling places, attire, and items related to attire.
Fourth Uddeso: Rules concerning expiation (penance), situations where certain actions are not allowed or are allowed, dealing with illness, prohibited times for meals, exceeding geographical boundaries for meals, and unacceptable food and drink.
Fifth Uddeso: Rules concerning sexual misconduct, disputes, night meals, food and drink in general, and chastity.
Sixth Uddeso: Rules concerning prohibitions, general conduct, and specific rules related to attire.

Detailed Content from Page 5 onwards (Illustrative Examples):

The subsequent pages begin to detail the specific rules. Here are some examples based on the provided text:

Page 5:

Talpalamba-padam (Palm Fruit): This section discusses whether monks (Nigranthas) and nuns (Nigranthis) are permitted to accept palm fruit (Talpalamba) that is whole or broken, whether it's cooked or raw. It outlines specific permissions and prohibitions for monks and nuns regarding the acceptance of this fruit, differentiating based on its condition and preparation.
Masakappa-padam (Monthly Stay): This section details the permissible duration of stay for monks and nuns in various types of settlements (villages, towns, cities, etc.) during the winter and summer seasons. It specifies whether they can stay for one month, two months, or four months, and how this is calculated (e.g., inside and outside the settlement). It also mentions that if staying inside, begging for alms should be done inside, and if staying outside, begging should be done outside.

Page 6:

Ekattavasavidhinisepha-padam (Prohibition of Staying Together): This section prohibits monks and nuns from staying together in a settlement with a single entrance and exit. Conversely, it permits them to stay together if the settlement has multiple entrances and exits.
Shravanagrihadisu Vasavidhinisepha-padam (Prohibition of Staying in Shravana Houses etc.): This prohibits nuns from staying in certain public places like marketplaces, squares, and courtyards. It permits monks to stay in these places.
Avanguyaduar-upassayapadom (Dwelling with a Hidden Entrance): This discusses the permissibility for nuns to stay in a dwelling with a hidden entrance, with specific conditions on how it should be prepared. It also permits monks to stay in such dwellings.
Ghadimattaya-padam (Bell-like Object): This section addresses the permissibility of monks and nuns wearing or using a bell-like object that is "antolittam" (likely meaning inside or contained). It differentiates between monks and nuns, with a prohibition for monks and permission for nuns.

Page 7:

Chilimiliya-padam (Chilimilika/Fine Cloth): This permits monks and nuns to wear or use a "chelachilimiliyam" (fine cloth).
Dagattira-padam (Riverbank): This prohibits monks and nuns from standing, sitting, breaking anything, sleeping, or playing on a riverbank. It also prohibits them from eating anything, excreting, spitting, or collecting saliva. Furthermore, it prohibits them from reciting scriptures, engaging in religious vigil, or practicing austerities in such locations.
Chittakarma-padam (Decorated Space): This prohibits monks and nuns from residing in a dwelling decorated with living things ("sachittakarma"). It permits them to stay in a dwelling decorated with non-living things ("achittakarma").
Sagariyya-nissha-padam (Dependence on Layperson): This discusses the permissibility for nuns to stay in a dwelling dependent on a layperson, differentiating between staying with or without the layperson's direct support. It also states that monks can stay regardless of the layperson's support.
Sagariyya-upassayapadom (Dwelling with Layperson's Support): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling supported by a layperson. It further specifies that nuns cannot stay in a dwelling supported by a male layperson, but monks can. Conversely, it prohibits nuns from staying in a dwelling supported by a male layperson, while allowing nuns to stay in a dwelling supported by a female layperson.

Page 8:

Padibaddha-sejja-padam (Fixed Bedding): This prohibits monks from using fixed bedding, while permitting nuns to do so.
Gahavai-kula-madhyavasa-padam (Dwelling in a Householder's Family): This prohibits monks from passing through the middle of a householder's family dwelling, while permitting nuns to do so.
Viosavana-padam (Disposal of Belongings/Actions): This section discusses the implications of handling disputes or transgressions and the subsequent need for atonement or reconciliation. It emphasizes the importance of self-resolution and the concept of "samanyam" (asceticism) as the essence of spiritual practice.
Chara-padam (Movement/Travel): This prohibits monks and nuns from traveling during the monsoon season ("vasavasu"). It permits them to travel during winter and summer.
Vairajya-viruddha-rajya-padam (Against Royal Order): This prohibits monks and nuns from engaging in activities that go against or are opposed to a royal decree or authority. Engaging in such activities leads to a severe transgression ("Chavumasikam Pariharatthanam Anughaaiyam").

Page 9:

Oggaha-padam (Acceptance/Receiving): This section details the rules regarding accepting certain items like cloth, bowls, or mats offered by laypeople. It outlines procedures for seeking permission and handling these offerings, specifying who can receive them and under what conditions (e.g., after informing the Acharya or teacher). It distinguishes between monks and nuns in these procedures.
Rai-bhoyana-padam (Night Meal): This prohibits monks and nuns from accepting any food or drink during the night or late hours, with a specific exception for a pre-inspected bedding arrangement. It also prohibits accepting clothing, bowls, or mats at night, except for a specific type of green grass.
Adana-padam (Travel at Night): This prohibits monks and nuns from traveling at night.

Page 10:

Egagamana-padam (Going Alone): This prohibits a monk from going out or entering a public space alone at night. It permits them to do so if they are accompanied or have a companion. Similarly, it prohibits a nun from going out or entering a public space alone at night and permits it if they are accompanied.
Arya-kshetra-padam (Territory of Aryas): This defines the permissible geographical boundaries for monks and nuns within the "Arya Kshettra" (territory of the Aryas, likely referring to civilized or sacred lands). It specifies the limits in different directions and states that venturing beyond these boundaries is not permitted, especially in areas where true knowledge, perception, and conduct are absent.

Page 11:

Upasraya-bija-padam (Seeds in Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from residing in a dwelling where grains or seeds are scattered or spilled. However, it permits residence if these grains are collected, piled, or covered, especially during winter and summer. It also permits residence if they are properly stored in containers.

Page 12:

Upasraya-vikata-padam (Damaged Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling that contains a damaged vessel of liquor or sour drinks. If such a vessel is found and cannot be immediately removed, they are permitted to stay for only one or two days.
Upasraya-udaka-padam (Water in Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling containing damaged vessels of cold or hot water. Similar to the previous rule, if found and unremovable, a stay of one or two days is permitted.
Upasraya-yogi-padam (Meditating in Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling where a yogi (meditator) meditates at night. If found and unremovable, a stay of one or two days is permitted.
Upasraya-pradipa-padam (Lamp in Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling where a lamp is lit at night. If found and unremovable, a stay of one or two days is permitted.
Upasraya-ashanadi-padam (Food Items in Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in a dwelling where food items like rice, wheat, milk, yogurt, ghee, oil, jaggery, or sweets are scattered. It permits residence if these items are collected, piled, or covered, especially during winter and summer.

Page 13:

Agamana-grihadi-vasa-padam (Residence in Certain Places): This prohibits nuns from staying in certain places like abandoned houses, the roots of trees, or open spaces. It permits monks to stay in these places.
Sagariyya-padam (Layperson's Support): This section discusses rules related to receiving alms from laypeople who offer support. It details the permissibility of accepting such alms under various conditions, distinguishing between those who are 'pariharare' (under restrictions) and those who are not. It also covers rules about how these alms should be accepted and handled, and the consequences of not following these rules.

Page 14:

Vastra-padam (Clothing): This section lists five types of permissible garments for monks and nuns.
Rhayaharaṇa-padam (Whisk): This section lists five types of permissible whisks for monks and nuns.

Page 16 & 17 (Third Uddeso):

Nirgrantha-upasraya-padam (Monk's Dwelling): This section details restrictions on monks and nuns staying in a dwelling. It prohibits them from standing, sitting, sleeping, or eating, and engaging in various activities like reciting scriptures or meditating. Specific rules are given for monks and nuns regarding the use of animal skins, whether whole or not, and whether they are used or not.
Vastra-padam (Clothing): This continues the discussion on clothing, prohibiting the use of whole garments and permitting the use of garments that are not whole.
Uggahavastra-padam (Headwear/Upper Cloth): This prohibits monks from using headwear or upper cloths. It permits nuns to use them.
Vastragrahana-padam (Receiving Clothes): This outlines rules regarding the receiving of clothes, especially when a monk or nun experiences a need for new clothing. It details who can receive the new clothes (e.g., under the guidance of a senior monk or nun) and the conditions for receiving them. It also discusses the permissibility of receiving clothes for the first or second time.
Aharainiya-vastradi-padam (Food and Clothing for Specific Needs): This permits monks and nuns to accept food, bedding, or perform specific tasks for specific needs.
Antargriha-padam (Inner Dwelling): This prohibits monks and nuns from staying in an inner dwelling and engaging in various activities. However, it allows exceptions for monks or nuns who are ill or weak. It also discusses limitations on speaking or displaying the five great vows within such dwellings, with exceptions for brief recitations.

Page 19 & 20 (Fourth Uddeso):

Payachchitta-padam (Expiation/Penance): This section categorizes different types of transgressions into "Anudghatiya," "Paranchiya," and "Anavattappa," indicating varying degrees of severity and the associated penances.
Pabbajjaadi-ayoga-padam (Initiation and Non-Association): This section discusses the rules surrounding initiation into monastic life, prohibiting certain actions like shaving, teaching, or living together with individuals who are not properly initiated or qualified.
Avayaniy-vayaniya-padam (Permitted and Prohibited Speech): This differentiates between permissible and prohibited speech, such as speaking with or without discipline, and having proper or improper conduct.
Dushanna-prasushna-padam (Bad and Good States): This describes "dushanna" (bad or corrupt) states as being angry, foolish, or grasping, and "sushna" (good or pure) states as being not angry, not foolish, and not grasping.
Gilayamana-padam (Illness): This discusses rules related to monks and nuns who fall ill. It outlines the consequences of improper conduct during illness, especially when related to sexual misconduct, and the penances that follow.
Kalathikata-bhoyana-padam (Meal after Time): This prohibits monks and nuns from accepting food and consuming it if the allotted time for the meal has passed. It details the strict procedures for handling such food if it is still accepted.
Kshetra-atikranta-bhoyana-padam (Meal outside Geographical Area): This prohibits monks and nuns from accepting food and consuming it if it has been brought from a distance beyond a specific geographical limit. It also outlines strict procedures for handling such food.
Anesaniya-pana-bhoyana-padam (Unacceptable Food and Drink): This discusses the scenario where a monk or nun might accidentally accept unacceptable food or drink. It outlines the conditions under which such items can be given to others or consumed under specific circumstances, with strict rules about not consuming it oneself if not properly handled.
Kappatthiya-akapatthiya-padam (Permitted and Not Permitted): This section clarifies the distinction between "kappatthiya" (permissible) and "akapatthiya" (not permissible), indicating what is allowed and what is not.
Anyagana-upasampada-padam (Joining Another Community): This outlines the rules for monks or nuns wishing to join a different monastic community or group. It details the need to obtain permission from their current Acharya or senior members and the conditions under which they can join another group.
Visumbhavana-padam (Separation/Dissolution): This section discusses the process of separation or dissolution of relationships or groups, and the associated rules and permissions.
Abhigarana-padam (Disputes/Transgressions): This section deals with handling disputes or transgressions within the monastic order, outlining the procedures for seeking forgiveness, confession, and penance.
Pariharakappatthiya-padam (Restricted Conduct): This discusses specific rules and restrictions for monks who are under certain types of penance or restriction, detailing what they can and cannot do, and the types of assistance they can receive.
Mahanadi-padam (Great Rivers): This prohibits monks and nuns from crossing certain great rivers multiple times within a month, with specific exceptions for crossing in certain ways or if the situation warrants it.
Upasraya-padam (Dwelling): This section discusses the permissibility of residing in certain types of dwellings, particularly those made of straw, grass, or other natural materials. It differentiates between dwellings that are "ahesavana" (without fire) and those that have fire, and specifies rules for staying in them during winter and summer, and for the monsoon season.

Page 29 onwards (Fifth Uddeso):

Mehunapratisevana-padam (Sexual Misconduct): This section deals with severe transgressions related to sexual misconduct. It outlines the severe penances (like "Chavumasikam Pariharathanam") incurred if a monk or nun engages in such acts, particularly if influenced by divine beings (Devas or Devis) who may take on human forms.
Abhigarana-padam (Disputes/Transgressions): This continues the discussion on handling transgressions, detailing the penances and procedures for monks who wish to join another community after a transgression.
Raibhojana-padam (Night Meal): This re-iterates the prohibition against eating at night. It outlines specific scenarios where a monk might accidentally eat after dark and the resulting penances. It differentiates between situations where the monk is unaware or aware, and whether the food is consumed by oneself or offered to others.
Uggala-padam (Vomiting): This deals with rules related to monks and nuns who vomit at night, and the strict procedures to be followed, including the penances for improper handling of the vomited matter.
Ahaaravidhi-padam (Food Rules): This discusses rules for monks receiving food from householders, particularly regarding items that might be contaminated with living beings. It outlines how such food should be handled or discarded if it cannot be purified.
Panavidhi-padam (Drink Rules): This addresses rules concerning drinks, particularly if they are contaminated with water or other substances. It outlines how to handle such drinks, especially if they are hot or cold.
Mehunapratisevana-padam (Sexual Misconduct): This reiterates the prohibition against sexual misconduct, particularly for nuns, and the penances associated with actions like touching, or being touched inappropriately.
Brahmcharya-surakha-padam (Protection of Chastity): This section is extensive and focuses on the rules for nuns to protect their chastity. It prohibits nuns from being alone, being uncovered, or being "vosathtakayia" (without a body, implying a detached or uninhibited state). It also details prohibited postures and actions, such as standing alone facing the sun, or engaging in certain types of sitting or movement.
Akunchana-patradi-padam (Bending/Folding Objects): This prohibits nuns from using or carrying objects that can be bent or folded. It permits monks to use such items. It also discusses rules about sitting on certain surfaces or using specific objects, with distinctions between monks and nuns.
Pasavana-padam (Excretion/Cleaning): This section deals with rules related to excretion and cleaning oneself, particularly prohibiting monks and nuns from touching each other for this purpose, except in cases of severe illness or when using specific aids.
Parivasiya-bhoyana-padam (Food during Quarantine): This prohibits monks and nuns from consuming food that is part of a quarantine or restricted diet, unless it's for a severe illness and with specific conditions.
Mahalohusagavyavahara-padam (Lesser/Greater Conduct): This section discusses the concept of "mahalohusaga" (lesser or greater conduct) and how it applies to monks who transgress rules. It outlines procedures for dealing with such monks.
Pulakabhakta-padam (Pulaka-food): This discusses the acceptance and handling of "pulaka-bhakta," a type of food, and the rules associated with it, including whether it can be accepted again if not properly consumed initially.

Page 35 onwards (Sixth Uddeso):

Avayana-padam (Speech): This prohibits monks and nuns from using six types of speech: lying, mocking, scornful speech, harsh speech, deceitful speech, and speaking ill of others or uttering what has been resolved.
Kappassa Patthara-padam (Permissible Paths): This lists six types of "kappassa patthara" (permissible paths or boundaries) related to abstaining from violence, falsehood, theft, incontinence, and greed.
Khanupramitiniharana-padam (Removal of Obstacles): This details rules for monks and nuns regarding the removal of thorns, stones, or other obstacles from their path or from their feet. It outlines the permissibility of seeking help for such removal and the consequences of improper handling.
Nirgrantha-avalambana-padam (Support from a Monk): This section outlines prohibited actions where a monk might improperly support or rely on a nun, or vice versa, in various difficult situations like slippery paths, muddy areas, or during a journey. It also covers situations involving individuals with mental distress, those seeking asylum, those who have committed transgressions, or those who have not properly repented.
Palimanthu-padam (Obstacles to Renunciation): This lists six types of obstacles to renunciation: attachment to the body, attachment to truth, attachment to outward appearance, attachment to desire, attachment to materialism, and attachment to unhealthy practices.
Kappatithi-padam (Duration of Permissibility): This defines six types of "kappatithi" (duration of permissibility), relating to different stages and types of monastic vows and practices.

This summary provides a general overview of the content. The Bruhatkalpa Sutra is a highly detailed and nuanced text, with each "Pad" containing specific injunctions and exceptions relevant to the monastic way of life. The provided text serves as a structural outline and a starting point for understanding the intricate rules and regulations governing Jain ascetics.