Agam 15 Upang 04 Pragnapana Sutra Part 02 Stahanakvasi

This is a summary of the provided Jain text, the Pragnapana Sutra Part 02. It focuses on the content presented in the digital extract, which appears to be the initial sections of the book.

Book Title: Agam 15 Upang 04 Pragnapana Sutra Part 02 Author(s): Shyamacharya, Madhukarmuni, Gyanmuni, Shreechand Surana, Shobhachad Bharilla Publisher: Agam Prakashan Samiti Language: Hindi (with some Sanskrit terms)

Overview:

This document is the second part of the Pragnapana Sutra, the fourth Upanga (subsidiary scripture) of the Jain Agamas. It is presented as a comprehensive text with original Sanskrit/Prakrit text, Hindi translation, commentary, and annotations. The work is dedicated to the memory of Paramshraddhey Gurudev Poojya Shri Joravarmalji Maharaj and was published by Shri Agam Prakashan Samiti in Beawar, Rajasthan.

Key Contents of the Provided Extract (Part 02, covering chapters 10-22):

The extract meticulously details various aspects of Jain philosophy and cosmology through specific pads (sections/chapters). The summary below focuses on the major themes and the structure as indicated by the chapter titles and descriptions:

• Chapter 10: Charima Padam (The Final Chapter):

  • Core Topic: This chapter delves into the concept of "finality" or "extremity" (Charima) and "non-finality" (Acharima) concerning various entities in the Jain universe.
  • Entities Discussed:
    • Realms of Existence: It begins by examining the finality and non-finality of the eight subterranean earths (Prithvi) and the Lokālok (universe and beyond).
    • Subtle Matter (Pudgala): The discussion extends to the finality and non-finality of atoms (paramanu pudgala) and various composite substances (skandha) based on their number of constituent regions (pradesha). This involves complex permutations and combinations of possibilities (up to 26 bhangas or variations) to understand these concepts.
    • Forms (Sansthana): The finality and non-finality of different geometrical forms (sansthana) like circular, rectangular, etc., are analyzed.
    • Motions and States: The concept of finality and non-finality is applied to various aspects of living beings, including their motions (gati), states of existence (sthiti), lifespans (bhav), language (bhasha), respiration (shvasochchhvas), food intake (aahar), complexion (varna), states of mind (bhav), smell (gandha), taste (rasa), and touch (sparsha).
  • Key Concepts: The chapter emphasizes the relative nature of "final" and "non-final" terms, depending on the perspective (substance-based, region-based, or substance-region based). It also highlights the Jain principle of anekāntavāda (multi-sidedness) by showing how a single entity can be described in various ways depending on the viewpoint.

• Chapter 11: Bhasha Padam (The Chapter on Language):

  • Core Topic: This chapter provides a detailed exploration of language (bhasha) from various Jain philosophical viewpoints.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Nature of Language: It examines whether language is an avadhaarini (that which helps in understanding or grasping the essence of things).
    • Types of Language: It classifies language into four types: Satyā (Truthful), Mṛṣā (False), Satyā-Mṛṣā (Mixed), and Asatyā-Mṛṣā (Neither true nor false, often used for conventional or prescriptive language).
    • Source and Nature of Language: The origin of language, its form, and the process of its utterance are discussed.
    • Purity and Imperfection: It differentiates between perfect (paryāptikā) and imperfect (aparyāptikā) language, classifying them into ten types of truthful and twelve types of impure languages.
    • Subtleties of Language: The chapter explores the use of singular (ekavachana), dual, and plural forms, as well as masculine, feminine, and neuter gender in language, and their grammatical accuracy (prajnapaniyata) in Jain context. It also discusses the applicability of linguistic rules and the relationship between virtuous speakers (aradhak) and those who deviate from them (viradhak).
    • Classification of Speech: It analyzes language based on its intended purpose, such as invitational (aamantrani), commanding (aadnyapani), questioning (pushni), descriptive (prajnapani), prohibitive (pratyakhyani), and suggestive (icchānuloma).

• Chapter 12: Sharira Padam (The Chapter on Body):

  • Core Topic: This chapter focuses on the concept of the body (sharira) in Jainism, its types, characteristics, and the continuity of souls through different bodies.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Five Types of Bodies: It details the five types of bodies in Jainism:
      • Audārika (Gross Body): The physical body, formed from gross matter.
      • Vaikriya (Transformable Body): A body capable of transformation, often possessed by celestial beings and lower beings.
      • Āhārika (Mental/Abstract Body): A subtle body formed through specific yogic powers, used for specific purposes.
      • Taijasa (Fiery Body): Associated with internal heat and digestion, constantly with the soul.
      • Kārmaṇa (Karmic Body): The subtle body composed of karmic matter, which is constantly attached to the soul from beginningless time until liberation.
    • Distribution of Bodies: It describes which types of bodies are available to beings in different daṇḍakas (categories of existence) like hell-dwellers, celestial beings, plants, and animals.
    • Bound and Freed Bodies: The chapter discusses the concepts of bound (baddha) and freed (mukta) bodies in relation to the soul, analyzing their quantities in terms of substance, space, time, and modes.

• Chapter 13: Parinama Padam (The Chapter on Transformation/Modification):

  • Core Topic: This chapter elaborates on the concept of transformation (parinama) or modification, which is fundamental to Jain philosophy, especially concerning the soul (jiva) and non-soul (ajiva) substances.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Two Main Types: It categorizes transformations into transformations of the soul (jiva parinama) and transformations of non-soul substances (ajiva parinama).
    • Transformations of the Soul: Ten types of soul transformations are detailed:
      • Gati Parinama (Transformation related to realm of existence - hellish, terrestrial, aerial, celestial).
      • Indriya Parinama (Transformation related to sensory organs).
      • Kashaya Parinama (Transformation related to passions - anger, pride, deceit, greed).
      • Leshya Parinama (Transformation related to subtle karmic matter influencing the soul's disposition - black, blue, grey, yellow, pale, white).
      • Yoga Parinama (Transformation related to the activities of mind, speech, and body).
      • Upayoga Parinama (Transformation related to the application of consciousness - knowledge and perception).
      • Jnana Parinama (Transformation related to knowledge - mati, shruta, avadhi, manaḥparyāya, kevala).
      • Darshana Parinama (Transformation related to perception - samyak, mithyā, samyak-mithyā).
      • Chāritra Parinama (Transformation related to conduct - sāmāyika, chedastāpanīya, parihāra-viśuddhi, sūkṣma-samparāya, yathākkhāta).
      • Veda Parinama (Transformation related to sexual states - masculine, feminine, neuter).
    • Transformations of Non-soul (Ajiva): It briefly mentions the transformations of non-soul, primarily focusing on matter (pudgala), including concepts like binding (bandhana), motion (gati), form (sansthāna), modification (bheda), color (varna), smell (gandha), taste (rasa), touch (sparsha), the unique quality of agurulaghutva (neither heavy nor light), and sound (shabda). The text describes the nuances of bandhana based on degrees of stickiness (snigdha) and dryness (ruksha).

• Chapter 14: Kashaya Padam (The Chapter on Passions):

  • Core Topic: This chapter elaborates on the kashayas (passions) which are considered the root cause of bondage and suffering in Jainism.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Four Main Kashayas: It defines and discusses the four primary passions: Krodha (Anger), Māna (Pride), Māyā (Deceit), and Lobha (Greed).
    • Presence in All Beings: It clarifies that these four passions are present in beings across all 24 daṇḍakas (categories of existence).
    • Roots of Kashaya: It explains the four bases or roots (thana) for the origin of kashayas: the context or place (kshetra), the object or situation (vastu), the body (sharira), and possessions/attachments (upadhi).
    • Classification of Kashayas: The text further categorizes kashayas based on their intensity and effect: anantānubandhī (that which binds for eternity), apratyākhyāna (that which prevents partial vows), pratyākhyāna (that which prevents full vows), and sañjvalana (that which burns/afflicts in the final stage).
    • Kashaya and Karma: It discusses how kashayas lead to the accumulation (chaya), increase (upachaya), bondage (bandha), discharge (udīraṇa), experience (vedanā), and eventual shedding (nirjarā) of eight types of karmas (karma prakṛti).

• Chapter 15: Indriya Padam (The Chapter on Sensory Organs):

  • Core Topic: This chapter is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the five senses (indriyas) in Jainism.
  • Structure: The chapter is divided into two main sections:
    • First Section (Prathama Uddeshaka): This section outlines 24 aspects (dwāras) related to the senses. It covers their forms (sansthāna), thickness (bāhalya), width (prithutva), number of regions occupied (pradesha), extent of perception (avagāhana), relative quantities (alpabahutva), interaction with objects (spṛṣṭa vs. aspṛṣṭa), penetration into objects (praviṣṭa vs. apraviṣṭa), the object of perception (viṣaya), their connection with ascetics (anagāra), aliment (āhāra), reflection (ādarsha), sword (aśi), jewel (maṇi), water (udapāna), oil (taila), molasses (phāṇita), fat (vasā), blanket (kambala), pillar (sthūṇa), viscous matter (thiggal), islands (dvipa), oceans (udadhi), world (loka), and non-world (aloka).
    • Second Section (Dvitīya Uddeshaka): This section, through 12 dwāras, delves deeper into the senses, discussing their formation (upachaya), time of formation (nirvartana), duration of use (upayogādhā), acquisition (labdhi), perception types (avagraha, apāya, īhā), subtle perception (vyañjanāvagrah), and the distinction between the physical organ (dravya-indriya) and the functional aspect (bhāva-indriya).
  • Key Concepts: The chapter explains the function and form of each sense organ, their spatial extent, their interaction with the external world, and the subtle differences in their capabilities. It also categorizes beings based on the senses they possess. The quantitative analysis (alpabahutva) of sensory organs across different categories of beings is a significant part.

• Chapter 16: Yoga Padam (The Chapter on Activity/Yoga):

  • Core Topic: This chapter deals with the concept of yoga, which refers to the activities of mind, speech, and body (manas, vachana, kaya) that lead to the influx of karma (āśrava).
  • Key Discussions:
    • Fifteen Types of Yoga: It classifies yoga into fifteen categories: four types of mental (manas) activities (truthful, false, mixed, unmixed), four types of speech (vachana) activities (similar to mental), and seven types related to body (kaya) and their admixtures (gross, gross-mixed, transformable, transformable-mixed, active, active-mixed, and karmic).
    • Yoga in Different Beings: The chapter analyzes the presence and types of yoga in different categories of beings across the 24 daṇḍakas.
    • Types of Motion (Gati Pravāha): It further explains five types of motion: Prayoga (activity-driven), Tata (sequential), Bandhana-chhedana (activity related to severing attachments), Upapāta (spontaneous generation), and Vihāyogati (motion through space).

• Chapter 17: Leshyā Padam (The Chapter on Leshyā):

  • Core Topic: This chapter explores leśyā, which are subtle karmic particles that color the soul's disposition and influence its state and experience.
  • Structure: Divided into six sections (uddheshaka), it provides a comprehensive view of leśyā.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Six Types of Leśyā: It details the six leśyās: Kṛṣṇa (Black), Nīla (Blue), Kapota (Grey/Pigeon-colored), Tejas (Red/Yellow), Padma (Lotus/Golden), and Śukla (White).
    • Presence in Beings: It analyzes the presence of these leśyās in various beings across the 24 daṇḍakas, noting exceptions and differences (e.g., celestial beings and hell-dwellers having fewer leśyās).
    • Qualities and Effects: The chapter discusses the qualities (varna, gandha, rasa, sparsha) associated with each leśyā and their impact on beings. It explains how leśyās are acquired and how they influence the soul's experiences and future births.
    • Alpabahutva of Leśyās: It quantitatively compares the number of beings possessing each leśyā in different categories.
    • Interchangeability of Leśyās: A significant discussion revolves around the transformation of one leśyā into another, explaining that while forms can be influenced, the fundamental nature of the leśyā remains.

• Chapter 18: Kāyasthiti Padam (The Chapter on Body-State/Duration):

  • Core Topic: This chapter discusses the duration of existence (kāyasthiti) in various physical states and permutations of existence, particularly focusing on the karmic aspect of life.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Twenty-two Aspects: It analyzes the duration of existence in 22 aspects: soul (jiva), realm of existence (gati), senses (indriya), body types (kaya), activities (yoga), passions (kashaya), leśyā, right faith (samyaktva), knowledge (jnana), perception (darshana), restraint (samyata), application of consciousness (upayoga), food intake (ahara), speaker (bhashak), limited (parīta), perfected (paryāpta), subtle (sūkṣma), conscious (sanjni), destined for liberation (bhavasiddhi), non-destined (abhava), and finality (charama).
    • Life Spans: It details the minimum (jaghanya) and maximum (utkrṛṣṭa) durations of existence in these states for different beings, ranging from beings in hells (narakas) to celestial beings (devas).
    • Body Types and Their Duration: It examines the duration of different body types (audārika, vaikriya, āhārika, taijasa, kārmaṇa) in their bound (baddha) and freed (mukta) states.

• Chapter 19: Samyakva Padam (The Chapter on Right Faith/Knowledge/Conduct):

  • Core Topic: This chapter focuses on samyaktva, the right faith, knowledge, and conduct, which is considered essential for liberation in Jainism.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Types of Views: It classifies beings into three categories based on their understanding of reality: Samyagdr̥ṣṭi (Right view), Mithyādr̥ṣṭi (False view), and Samyag-mithyādr̥ṣṭi (Mixed view).
    • Presence in Beings: It discusses which beings can possess these different views, noting that only humans and some celestial beings can attain samyagdr̥ṣṭi, while hell-dwellers and many lower beings are predominantly mithyādr̥ṣṭi. It also clarifies that the state of samyag-mithyādr̥ṣṭi is primarily associated with beings who have a mixed understanding of reality.
    • Liberation: It emphasizes that only beings with samyagdr̥ṣṭi can ultimately achieve liberation (mokṣa).

• Chapter 20: Antakriyā Padam (The Chapter on Final Action/Liberation):

  • Core Topic: This chapter deals with antakriyā, which signifies the final action or the process leading to liberation (mokṣa) or the cessation of the cycle of birth and death.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Paths to Liberation: It explores the conditions and actions that lead to final liberation, contrasting them with actions that prolong the cycle of rebirth.
    • Transmigration and Liberation: It discusses how beings transmigrate through different states of existence and what actions are conducive to breaking free from this cycle.
    • Tirthankaras and Chakravartis: The text touches upon the special paths to liberation or exalted states that might be attained by individuals like Tirthankaras, Chakravartins, Baladevas, and Vasudevas.
    • Unsuitable Paths: It also discusses actions and states that are not conducive to liberation, such as those associated with certain types of ascetics or beings with impure intentions.
    • Abstinence (Virati) and Knowledge: The text highlights the importance of abstaining from harmful actions (virati) and acquiring right knowledge (samyak-darshana-jnana-charitra) for achieving liberation.

• Chapter 21: Avagahana-Sansthana Padam (The Chapter on Spatial Extent and Form):

  • Core Topic: This chapter focuses on the spatial dimensions and forms of bodies (sharira) in Jain cosmology.
  • Key Discussions:
    • Five Bodies: It reiterates the five types of bodies: Audārika, Vaikriya, Āhārika, Taijasa, and Kārmaṇa.
    • Body Forms (Sansthāna): It describes the various forms bodies can take, such as circular (parimandala), round (vṛtta), triangular (tryasra), rectangular (chaturasra), and oblong (āyata).
    • Size and Extent (Avagāhana): It discusses the spatial extent or size of these bodies, considering their presence in different beings and states of existence.
    • Quantity of Bodies: The chapter analyzes the number of bound (baddha) and freed (mukta) bodies in terms of substance, space, and time, providing detailed quantitative analyses that reflect Jain cosmology's intricate calculations.

Overall Significance:

The Pragnapana Sutra, as represented by this extract, is a highly technical and analytical text within Jainism. It meticulously dissects fundamental concepts like finality, language, the nature of the body, karmic transformations, the senses, activities, leśyās, and the conditions for liberation. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of these aspects, applied across various categories of beings, demonstrates the depth and rigor of Jain philosophical inquiry. The text serves as a foundational scripture for understanding the intricate workings of the universe and the soul's journey within it, according to Jain teachings.

Note: The provided extract focuses on the initial chapters. A complete summary of the entire Pragnapana Sutra would require access to and analysis of all its parts. However, this summary covers the main points presented in the given text.