Agam 07 Upasakdasha Sutra Hindi Anuwad

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This document is the Hindi translation and compilation of the Upasakdasha Sutra (Aagam Sutra 7, Angasutra 7), translated and edited by Agam Diwakar Muni Dippratnasagarji. The work is dedicated to the Jain spiritual guides and is intended for private use.

The Upasakdasha Sutra is a significant text in Jainism, detailing the lives and spiritual journeys of ten prominent lay disciples (Upasak) who followed Lord Mahavir. The Sutra is structured into ten studies (Adhyayans), each focusing on one Upasak.

Key Aspects of the Upasakdasha Sutra as presented in this translation:

• Structure: The Sutra comprises ten studies, each dedicated to a specific Upasak:

  1. Anand
  2. Kamdev
  3. Chulnipada
  4. Suradev
  5. Chullashatak
  6. Kundakolik
  7. Saddalputra
  8. Mahashatak
  9. Nandini pita
  10. Leiyapita

• Content of Each Study (General Pattern):

  • Introduction of the Upasak: Each study begins by describing the city, the king, the specific Upasak (his name, wealth, family, number of cattle and followers), his wife, and his initial economic status (gold reserves, business, household wealth).
  • Encounter with Lord Mahavir: The Upasak hears about the arrival of Lord Mahavir, goes to meet him, pays respects, and accepts the layman's vows (five small vows - Anuvarats, seven disciplinary vows - Shikshavrats, totaling twelve types of lay conduct - Grihasth Dharma).
  • Trials and Tribulations (often divine tests): In many studies, a celestial being (Dev) appears, often in a terrifying form (like a demon, elephant, or snake), to test the Upasak's resolve. The Dev attempts to make them break their vows through threats of violence, death of loved ones, or destruction of wealth.
  • Steadfastness and Resolution: The Upasak, through their strong faith and adherence to Jain principles, withstands these tests, remaining firm in their vows and spiritual practice.
  • Divine Intervention and Recognition: In some cases, the Dev, impressed by the Upasak's unwavering faith, reveals their true nature and apologizes, acknowledging the superiority of the Jain path. In other instances, the celestial being's attempts are thwarted by the Upasak's spiritual strength.
  • Spiritual Progress and Rebirth: After a period of dedicated lay practice (often 20 years), observing the eleven stages of Upasak practice (Upasak Pratima), and undertaking final spiritual preparations (Sanlekhana), the Upasaks attain a heavenly rebirth in the Saudharma heaven, with a lifespan of four Palyopams. Subsequently, they are destined to attain liberation (Siddhi) in Mahavideh Kshetra.
  • Specific Details: The text often provides details about the wealth (in gold coins), number of cows, and wives of each Upasak, highlighting their former worldly attachments that they renounced or limited through their vows.

• Specific Examples of Trials and Virtues:

  • Anand: Experiences divine tests and poses profound questions to Lord Mahavir, demonstrating intellectual clarity and devotion. He attains the knowledge of Avadhijñana (clairvoyant knowledge).
  • Kamdev: Faces demonic apparitions and threats of physical harm, yet remains resolute in his faith.
  • Chulnipada: Is threatened with the death of his sons and mother, but his steadfastness is unwavering. He undergoes atonement for a perceived lapse.
  • Suradev: Faces threats of terrible diseases, similar to Chulnipada's trials.
  • Chullashatak: Is threatened with the scattering of his immense wealth, but remains firm.
  • Kundakolik: Is confronted by a Dev who praises the teachings of Goshalak (a rival ascetic) and challenges Lord Mahavir's doctrine. Kundakolik firmly refutes the Dev, defending the Jain teachings.
  • Saddalputra: Initially follows the Ajivika sect but is converted by Lord Mahavir, demonstrating the power of spiritual discourse and the refutation of other philosophies. He also faces divine tests and his wife's loyalty is highlighted.
  • Mahashatak: His wife Revati attempts to lure him away from his spiritual path and commits heinous acts. Mahashatak remains steadfast, and his wife eventually faces divine retribution. He too attains Avadhijñana.
  • Nandini pita & Leiyapita: These individuals follow the path of righteousness without facing significant external obstacles. Their stories emphasize dedicated practice and adherence to vows.

• Key Concepts Highlighted:

  • Upasak Dharma: The importance and practice of layman vows in Jainism.
  • Vow Observance (Vrat Palan): The dedication and strength required to uphold vows amidst worldly challenges.
  • Divine Intervention and Karma: The role of celestial beings and the karmic consequences of actions are depicted.
  • Spiritual Steadfastness: The ability to remain unperturbed by threats, temptations, and suffering.
  • Avadhijñana: The attainment of clairvoyant knowledge by some virtuous Upasaks.
  • Refutation of Other Philosophies: The text implicitly or explicitly contrasts Jain teachings with those of other ascetics, like Goshalak.
  • The Path to Liberation: The journey from a devout layperson to rebirth in heaven and eventual liberation in Mahavideh Kshetra.

The work itself is presented as a meticulous translation aimed at making the profound teachings of the Upasakdasha Sutra accessible to a Hindi-speaking audience. The translator's expertise in Jain Agamas is highlighted throughout the introductory and concluding remarks. The text serves as an inspirational guide to lay discipleship in Jainism, showcasing the exemplary lives of these ten householder followers.