Acharang Sutram

This is a comprehensive summary of the Acharanga Sutra, based on the provided Jain text.

Book Title: Acharanga Sutram Author(s): Devchandrasagarsuri (Compiler/Editor of this edition) Publisher: Vardhaman Jain Agam Tirth Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022578/1

Overall Purpose and Significance:

The Acharanga Sutra is presented as a foundational scripture in Jainism, containing the core teachings of Lord Mahavir. It is considered the "lifeblood" of the Jain tradition, guiding followers towards liberation. The text emphasizes the importance of Jinavani (the teachings of the Jinas) as the basis for all Jain philosophy and practice. This particular edition is a commentary-rich version, aiming to make the profound teachings accessible.

Key Themes and Content Breakdown:

1. Introduction and Reverence:

   • The text begins with deep reverence for Lord Mahavir and the lineage of revered Acharyas, particularly highlighting Acharyas Anand Sagar Surishwarji, Devendra Sagar Surishwarji, Daulat Sagar Surishwarji, and Devchandra Sagar Surishwarji, who are instrumental in preserving and disseminating these sacred texts.
   • It acknowledges the enduring relevance of Lord Mahavir's teachings, especially in challenging times, serving as a vital support system for spiritual aspirants.
   • The work emphasizes the authority and sanctity of the scriptures, which contain the essence of the Tirthankaras' words, compiled by their Ganadharas (chief disciples).

2. The Nature of Jinavani and Jain Shastra:

   • Jinavani is described as the foundation, essence, and life of the Jain tradition. It is composed of 45 principal Agamas, supplemented by other scriptures, commentaries (Yukti, Bhashya, Churni, Tika), forming a comprehensive "Panchangi" (five-limbed scripture).
   • Adherence to this Panchangi forms the basis of current practices in Jainism, including Gnanachara (conduct of knowledge), Darshanachara (conduct of faith), Charitranachara (conduct of action), Tapachara (conduct of austerity), and Viryachara (conduct of energy).
   • The text highlights the interconnectedness of these five aspects of conduct, where purity in one leads to purity in the others, ultimately illuminating the Jain path.
   • The ultimate goal is the liberation (Moksha) achieved through Samyagdarshan (right faith), Samyaggnan (right knowledge), and Samyagcharitra (right conduct).

3. The Role of Monks, Sadhvis, and Lay Disciples:

   • Monks and Sadhvis are identified as the primary custodians and expounders of the principal Agamas, including the Acharanga Sutra. They bear the responsibility of transmitting this knowledge through their conduct and teachings.
   • Lay disciples (Shravak/Shravika) also have a role, being authorities on certain scriptures up to a specific chapter, particularly through practices like Upadhan.

4. The Acharanga Sutra's Unique Position:

   • The Acharanga Sutra is described as the primary Anga (limb) of the Jain canon, as it lays down the fundamental principles of conduct and the "art of living" (Jeevan jivanani kala).
   • It is specifically highlighted as the Charana-Karana-Anuyoga (the branch of scripture dealing with conduct and action), considered the most important among the four Anuyogas (Dharmakatha, Ganita, Dravya, Charana-Karana).
   • Lord Mahavir's teachings on how to live a life conducive to spiritual progress and liberation are contained within the Agamas, including the Acharanga Sutra.

5. The Commentary (Tika) and Editorial Process:

   • This edition is enriched with the commentary of Acharya Shilaanka, providing detailed explanations.
   • The editor and researcher, Acharya Devendra Sagar Surishwarji, has utilized modified texts from other commentaries to ensure accuracy and clarity of the original scripture.
   • The publication of this edition was undertaken as a remembrance of a Chaturmas (four-month monastic retreat) at the Shri Vardhaman Jain Agama Tirth.
   • The text acknowledges the financial support and proofreading assistance received, emphasizing the collaborative effort in preserving these ancient scriptures.

6. The "Art of Living" (Achar):

   • The Acharanga Sutra delves into the practical aspects of living a virtuous life, detailing the conduct of monks, their daily routines, and the principles they must follow.
   • It also outlines the path for lay disciples to achieve spiritual progress through their way of life.

7. Detailed Analysis of Niyukti and Tika:

   • The text includes extensive sections detailing the Niyukti (an interpretative commentary) and Tika (further commentary) by Acharya Shilaanka. These sections provide a granular breakdown of the Acharanga Sutra's structure and meaning, including:
     • Anuyoga Dwara: The method of explaining scriptures, including Upakrama (introduction), Nikshepa (classification/placement), Anugama (exposition), and Naya (mode of presentation).
     • Nichepa: Detailed discussions on various types of Nichepa (Nama, Sthapana, Dravya, Kshettra, Kala, Bhava) applied to terms like Achar, Anga, etc.
     • Specific Subjects: Extensive explanations of the concept of life (Jiva) and its various forms within the six existential categories (Shatkaya - Prithvi, Ap, Agni, Vayu, Vanaspati, Trasa) are provided with vivid descriptions, classifications, and proofs of their existence as living beings. This includes their nature, forms, origins, quantities, and the impact of human actions on them.
     • Shatkarma (Eightfold Karma): The text discusses how actions related to these life forms lead to the accumulation of karma, binding the soul to the cycle of birth and death.
     • Pravritti and Nivrutti: It contrasts the actions of those who engage in violence (Arambha) with those who practice non-violence and detachment (Nivrutti), highlighting the former's downfall and the latter's path to liberation.
     • The Path to Liberation: The scriptures explain that the ultimate goal of right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct leads to liberation, emphasizing that understanding the suffering caused by violence and practicing restraint is crucial.
     • The Role of Acharyas: It recognizes the crucial role of Acharyas in simplifying complex scriptures through their commentaries and guiding the monastic community.

8. Ethical and Moral Guidelines:

   • The Sutra imparts profound ethical and moral teachings, stressing compassion, non-violence, self-control, and detachment from worldly pleasures.
   • It emphasizes the importance of understanding the suffering of all living beings and abstaining from actions that cause harm.

9. The Importance of Purity and Discipline:

   • The text underscores the need for purity of thought, word, and deed for spiritual advancement.
   • It outlines the strict discipline required for monks and nuns to uphold the Jain path.

In essence, the Acharanga Sutra, as presented in this edition, serves as a comprehensive guide to the fundamental principles of Jainism. It not only outlines the theoretical framework but also provides practical insights into ethical conduct, the interconnectedness of all life, and the path towards ultimate liberation, all elucidated through detailed commentaries by eminent scholars.