Aadim Mahavisphot

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Aadim Mahavisphot" (Big Bang), by Abhaykumar Pandey, based on the excerpt from Page 1 and Page 2:

The text begins by referencing a hymn from the Rigveda that expresses profound curiosity and uncertainty about the origin of the universe. It questions what created this universe, why it came into being, and who truly knows its genesis. Even the gods, it suggests, came into existence later, leaving the ultimate cause unknown. The Rigvedic sage challenges anyone who claims to know the answer to come forward and explain.

The author states that this human quest to understand the origin of the universe is ancient. Gazing at the night sky naturally sparks questions about the stars, the extent of the cosmos, and the beginning, duration, and end of creation. Ancient civilizations attempted to answer these questions using myths based on limited observations.

The text highlights that it was only recently that science has begun to address this ancient challenge. Scientists have employed various fields of research, including astrophysics, nuclear physics, and astronomical mathematics, to offer potential answers.

Up until the early 20th century, scientists were unaware of the universe's vastness beyond our own galaxy. In the 1920s, American astronomer Edwin Hubble revealed the existence of numerous galaxies beyond the Milky Way, which group together in clusters. About seven decades prior to the writing, a crucial observation was made: distant galaxies are receding from us at increasing speeds. Hubble formulated a law correlating this recession velocity with the distance of the galaxies.

This observation leads to a logical inference: if galaxies are moving away from us, they must have been closer together in the past. There was a point in time when all galaxies were very near each other.

The author uses the analogy of an expanding balloon. Just as a balloon filled with air will eventually expand and potentially burst, the clusters of galaxies, perhaps due to a disruption in equilibrium, separated in a "great explosion," which astronomers termed the "Big Bang." While this is presented as a conceptual event, the text suggests it appears plausible due to Hubble's law.

The text posits that all matter and energy in the universe were once concentrated in a single point and dispersed through this "great explosion."

On Page 2, the discussion shifts to the composition and future of the universe:

It is stated that only about ten percent of the matter required for the universe's current state has been discovered, leading to the question of whether the universe's expansion will continue indefinitely. Some scientists believe so. However, others acknowledge the enigmatic nature of matter, suggesting that a significant portion of it remains invisible to us. The "Black Hole" theory is presented as a hypothesis arising from the ongoing search for this unseen matter.

If there is indeed more matter in the universe, its gravitational force could eventually halt the expansion. This event would be considered the "primordial Big Bang." If not, all galaxies will continue to escape, leading to a gradual cooling of the universe and its eventual "death."

Regarding the future of human civilization, the text suggests that humanity might persist regardless of whether the universe is "closed" or "open." However, it expresses concern that humans may bring about their own extinction in the more distant future.

A significant scientific achievement from about five decades prior is mentioned, which requires understanding the states of matter and energy. The extremely dense matter in the initial state must have had a very high temperature, as it was accompanied by abundant electromagnetic radiation, creating a balance between matter and radiation. As the universe expanded, this primordial radiation also spread out, causing its temperature to decrease continuously. Over the 15 to 20 billion years following the Big Bang, this radiation has cooled to become detectable as "microwave" remnants.

The hypothesis of residual microwaves was proposed earlier by George Gamow. The discovery of these pervasive microwaves throughout the universe was made in 1964 by astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. The temperature of these microwaves is approximately 3 Kelvin (-270.15°C). These findings have led to the Big Bang model being considered more appropriate for explaining the origin of the universe.

However, the text emphasizes that not all questions have been answered. The reason for the Big Bang remains unknown, as does the state of space, time, matter, and energy at or before that event. Scientists are focusing on understanding how the universe evolved in the 15-20 billion years after the Big Bang to better comprehend its current state and the reasons for any initial imbalances.

In essence, the text concludes that while the Big Bang marks the emergence of space and time, the conditions in the "zero time" or before remain speculative. The ultimate fate of the universe (whether it is open or closed) depends on its total mass and density, which would determine if gravity will eventually halt its expansion and cause it to collapse. The text implies that current observations suggest a shortfall in the necessary mass for such a gravitational halt.