Aadhunikta Aur Rashtriyata - Book Summary

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Aadhunikta aur Rashtriyata" (Modernity and Nationalism) by Rajmal Bora, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Aadhunikta aur Rashtriyata (Modernity and Nationalism) Author: Rajmal Bora Publisher: Namita Prakashan Aurangabad Publication Year: 1973

This book, written over a period of nine years (1963-1972), explores the intertwined concepts of modernity and nationalism, examining their impact on human values, beliefs, and societal structures. The author, Rajmal Bora, states that both modernity and nationalism profoundly affect human values today, shaking established beliefs and introducing a sense of anxiety. He aims to analyze these causes from his perspective and acknowledges the influence of thinkers like Bertrand Russell in shaping his approach to problems.

The book is structured into several chapters, each delving into a specific aspect of modernity and nationalism. Here's a summary of the key themes discussed in the provided pages:

1. Samkaleen Itihas-Bodh (Contemporary Historical Consciousness):

Focus on the Present: Modernity necessitates a focus on the present, viewing the past through the lens of current relevance. This contrasts with earlier eras where the past was often idealized.
Evolution of Thought: The younger generation of writers now considers the present utility of past achievements, which is seen as a positive and timely development.
Historical Context of Modernity: Modernity is not uniform; its interpretation varies across individuals, societies, and nations. India's context changed significantly after gaining independence.
Science and Modernity: Modernity is linked to scientific achievements and, more importantly, to the adoption of changing perspectives based on these achievements. This requires liberation from the attachment to the past and faith in current progress.
Literature as a Mirror: Contemporary literature reflects the prevailing modern consciousness, grappling with social issues and analyzing the internal conflicts of the modern mind.
Literary Comparisons: Comparing poets like Kabir and Tulsidas, or writers like Premchand and Prasad, highlights how some figures are more aligned with their contemporary spirit and willingness to confront societal issues.
Voltaire and Enlightenment: The influence of figures like Voltaire in France is cited as an example of how intellectual awakening can challenge existing structures.

2. Vichar-Swatantrya (Freedom of Thought):

Core of Modernity: Freedom of thought is presented as the most significant demand of modernity. The suppression of thought leads to suffering and stagnation.
Power of Ideas: The victory of ideas is the greatest victory, as ideas shape personality. This applies to individuals, communities, and states.
Role of the State: While constitutions may guarantee freedom of thought, its practical implementation is crucial. Historical examples, like Russia's post-reform period, show that legal changes alone are insufficient without a shift in societal consciousness.
Social vs. Legal Norms: Unwritten social laws often hold more power than written legal statutes.
Education as a Catalyst: Educational institutions play a vital role in fostering independent thinking. Education should aim at creating proactive individuals rather than passively imparting information.
Family and Societal Influence: Respect for individual thought in families and various societal institutions is essential for personal and national progress.
Balance of Freedom and Discipline: An environment of freedom is needed in all aspects of life, from educational institutions to workplaces.

3. Satya (Truth):

Defining Truth in Modernity: Truth in a modern context is understood through current scientific and intellectual achievements.
Three Pillars of Truth: The author identifies religious leaders, scientists, and philosophers as the primary sources of truth.
Religious Truth: This is often seen as accepted and unchangeable, leading to rigid beliefs. Religious leaders often express dissatisfaction with the present and seek to revive the past.
Scientific Truth: This is considered accepted truth based on the latest discoveries, characterized by a thorough analysis of causes and effects. Scientific truth is contemporary and evolves with new findings.
Philosophical Truth: Philosophers are seekers of truth, constantly exploring problems for which definitive answers are yet to be found. Their truth is not fixed or accepted, making them less trusted by the general public in the short term.
The Interrelation of Truth-Seekers: Founders of religions and pioneering scientists often begin as philosophers.
Culture and Civilization: The comparison between religious and scientific truth is likened to comparing culture and civilization, with the current public's inclination being a key factor in understanding modern truth.
The Struggle for Balance: A major challenge of the modern era is balancing ancient values with new scientific advancements. The rapid pace of external change makes internal adaptation difficult.
The Role of Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's approach to truth, which prioritized the needs of the common person and advocated for the practical application of scientific achievements, is highlighted.
The Future of Truth: The author suggests that the path to modern truth lies in the efforts of thinkers and philosophers who can bridge the gap between scientific progress and human experience.

4. Naitikta (Morality):

Foundation of Social Order: Morality is presented as the most significant force controlling human nature and the essential binding element for individuals, society, and the world.
Moral Values: The author quotes lines from Tulsidas and Kabir to illustrate the ultimate realization of morality.
Moral Development: Morality is cultivated through continuous practice and discipline, learned from family, society, and ultimately, from the environment.
Unwritten Laws of Society: Societal moral codes, though unwritten, are more powerful than formal laws and shape individuals.
Relativity of Morality: Morality is relative to time, place, society, and nation. What is considered moral in one context may be immoral in another.
Morality and Power: Historically, morality has been influenced by the powerful, often reflecting their self-interest.
Human Nature and Morality: True morality should be derived from human nature and its environment, aiming for a balance between tradition and reality, ambition and practicality.
Active vs. Passive Morality: The author advocates for an active, aspirational morality over one based on surrender and fear.
Bertrand Russell's Tripartite Division: Russell's division of human activities into instinct, intellect, and spirit is discussed, with spirit being central to religion and morality bridging the gap between instinct and intellect.

5. Aadhar (Basis):

Nationalism as a Political Concept: Nationalism is a political term deeply connected to a nation's history, leading to diverse interpretations and forms across different countries.
Cultural Foundation: Nationalism serves to awaken a nation's cultural values among its citizens, who then use political power to protect them.
Evolution of Nationalism: The concept of nationalism is evolving, influenced by global events like the creation of Bangladesh, Pakistan's defeat, and Nixon's visit to China. The influence of "religion" as a primary basis for nationalism is waning.
Religion and Nationalism: Religion is increasingly seen as separate from nationalism, with modernity reshaping nationalism into a new, political "religion."
Core Elements of Nationalism: The author identifies four key elements:
1. Territory: A defined geographical boundary creates an emotional connection to the homeland.
2. Shared Interests: Citizens within these boundaries share common social, economic, and political interests.
3. Political Unity: Political unity is essential for a nation's relationships with other countries.
4. Political Independence: A nation is recognized as politically sovereign.
Controversial Elements: While territory and shared interests are generally accepted, political unity and independence can be sources of debate.
Nationalism and Literature: National literature often expresses love for the homeland, celebrates its history and culture, and aims to inspire collective action and self-respect.
Historical Influences: The author traces the development of national consciousness in India from ancient times, highlighting the role of geography, religion, culture, and language.
Shift from Religious to Political Nationalism: While religion was a significant factor in ancient and medieval Indian nationalism, modern nationalism is primarily a political phenomenon driven by the struggle against foreign imperialism.
The Constitution as the Modern Basis: India's modern nationalism is based on its constitution, with parliament, cabinet, and judiciary operating within its framework.
Challenges to National Unity: The author notes that political divisions, linguistic reorganization, and regional identities can pose challenges to national unity.

6. Dharma aur Mulya (Religion and Values):

Religion's Societal Role: Religion provides a framework for societal order, transcending political boundaries and influencing beliefs through faith, devotion, and tradition.
Global Reach of Religion: Religions seek global expansion, unhindered by political borders, making their influence potentially more widespread than national values.
Ideology and Belief: Religion is based on specific ideologies that gain strength through belief and are often more pragmatically applied than political systems.
Societal Organization: Religion powerfully organizes society and establishes stable values, often making adherence difficult to resist for individuals.
Religion vs. Politics: The author suggests that religious values are often considered more significant by individuals than national values due to the emotional connection they foster.
Historical Influence of Religion on Politics: Throughout history, religion has influenced political powers, with rulers often acting as protectors of religious tenets.
Decline of Religious Conflict: While medieval wars were often religiously motivated, the modern era sees greater tolerance and less inclination for war based solely on religious differences.
Secularism and Modern Education: Modern education, increasingly influenced by science, tends to be secular and may challenge traditional religious beliefs.
The Role of Science: Science has often clashed with religious dogma, leading to a questioning of established religious truths.
Dharma-Nirpekshta (Secularism): The author interprets secularism not as the absence of religion but as adherence to the universal, common principles of all religions that promote human well-being.

7. Sahitya (Literature):

National Literature: Literature that expresses national sentiments, love for the country, and devotion to its culture is termed "national literature."
Role in Times of Conflict: Such literature often emerges during periods of conflict between different cultures or nations, aiming to unite a people and foster a sense of pride and collective purpose.
Characteristics of National Literature: It draws inspiration from cultural and religious traditions, interprets history according to current needs, depicts national realities, fosters love for the land and language, and inspires a vision for a brighter future.
Veer Ras (Heroic Sentiment): National literature is often characterized by the heroic sentiment, as it aims to motivate action and courage.
Timeliness and Historical Value: While national literature is often tied to specific historical circumstances, its ability to touch human emotions can give it enduring value.
Social and Universal Themes: Literature reflecting individual emotions and societal problems is influenced by its era. National literature, as a part of social literature, reflects the realities of its time and can influence societal change.
The Universal Appeal of Literature: Even literature dealing with specific contemporary issues can have lasting value if it resonates with fundamental human emotions and inspires reflection.
Nationalism and Humanism: Modern national literature promotes collective progress, seeks to eliminate discrimination, and conveys a message of humanism.

8. Itihas (History):

Ancient Indian Nationalism: The author argues that nationalistic sentiment first emerged in India, evidenced by ancient literature reflecting geographical unity and patriotism.
Role of Religion and Culture: In ancient and medieval India, religion and culture held a higher place than politics, with rulers often acting as custodians of these aspects.
Impact of Invasions: Foreign invasions led to societal, religious, and cultural reactions, eventually necessitating a political response to protect national sentiments.
Rise of Political Consciousness: The arrival of Muslims and subsequent political shifts, particularly during Aurangzeb's reign, led to the emergence of political consciousness, with figures like Shivaji and Guru Gobind Singh playing pivotal roles.
The Influence of Bhakti Movement: The Bhakti movement contributed to cultural unity, emphasizing devotion and shared spiritual experiences.
Shivaji's Vision: Shivaji's actions were driven by a vision of a Hindu empire and the protection of religious practices, reflecting a strong connection between political and religious ideals.
Modern Nationalism: Modern nationalism, influenced by the French Revolution, emphasizes political unity and a shared struggle against foreign rule.
Post-Independence India: India's independence and the subsequent adoption of a constitution have shaped its modern national identity.
Historical Consciousness and National Unity: The author stresses the importance of a unified historical perspective to foster national unity and prevent divisive tendencies.

9. Samasyayein (Problems):

Obstacles to Unity: The author identifies ideological divisions (democratic vs. communist) and nationalism itself as major obstacles to global unity.
The Role of Nationalism: While nationalism is a prevailing "zeitgeist," it can also create conflict due to diverse interpretations and interests.
National Integration: Achieving national unity requires fostering a sense of shared purpose and addressing regional disparities in political, economic, and social spheres.
Linguistic Reorganization: The reorganization of states based on language, while intended to promote unity, has also led to new challenges and demands for division.
The Impact of History on National Identity: The author emphasizes the need for a unified understanding of history to prevent the exacerbation of regional divisions.
The Role of Government and Citizenry: The government's role in maintaining national unity is crucial, but it also requires the active participation and cooperation of citizens.
Impulses and Desires: Bertrand Russell's view on impulses and desires as drivers of human action is applied to national life, highlighting the need for channeling these forces constructively.
The Importance of Education: Education is seen as vital for awakening creative impulses and fostering a sense of national identity and cultural preservation.
Language and National Unity: The author stresses the importance of promoting Hindi as a common language for national unity, while respecting regional languages.
The Dual Nature of Indian Culture: Nehru's observation about India's history being shaped by forces of integration and division is discussed, with a call to promote integrative forces.

In essence, "Aadhunikta aur Rashtriyata" by Rajmal Bora is a scholarly exploration of how modernity and nationalism shape contemporary Indian society. The book delves into the evolving definitions of truth, morality, religion, literature, history, and national identity in a rapidly changing world, emphasizing the interplay between tradition and progress, and the challenges of maintaining unity in a diverse nation.